In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can be neither created nor be destroyed, but it transforms from one form to another.

The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal principle of dissipation of kinetic and potential energy observable in nature. The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in an isolated physical system. Entropy is a measure of how much this process has progressed. In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. The entropy of an isolated system that is not in equilibrium tends to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

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